Orem’s Theory and Family Health Nursing Essay

In the presentation of a theoretical discussion on the concept of self care with particular considerations for family nursing practice, the concept of self-care is mainly known in Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory of nursing. Orem’s theory views the individual as a self-care agent with unique needs which will affect family health thereby providing support that health education and evaluation is the main role of nurses (Cody, 2006:308). Nurses according to Cody believes that family models complement the nursing models to provide a more holistic and comprehensive perspective of clients and their concerns (2006:308). Orem’s theory has therefore a clinical applicability at home in the growing demand for home-based health nursing services. The theory has provided that practice will be grounded in evidence–based clinical knowledge and skills within the framework of family, home and community concepts (Orem, 2001:2). Likewise, as self–care has been introduced and incorporated into the practice of community health a provision has included the provision of care to families and other healthcare givers while giving utmost concern to the individual needs of patients and clients. Ali analyzed distinct models presented in 1990 which included Orem’s theory and decided that Orem’s self-care theory should encourage nurses to anticipate the potential problems which include family circumstances in family health planning from which a care plan can be derived (Dolan and Holt, 2000:4). Such findings catapulted into evolution the support for Orem’s theory in the actual process of providing care for the patient and his family and the provision of a health continuum for everyone. Orem’s theory can be used to categorize, understand, predict and alter behavior of both sick and well individuals that is therapeutic in maintaining life and health and in the recovery from disease or injury, or in coping with their effects (Orem, 2001: 82). This presupposes that there is no limit on the provision of care while validating all perceptions that the family is included in the paradigm of care to promote self-care abilities of the patient. We cannot discount the involvement of the family that entirely affects the health status of the individual. A particular example in this case would point to a hospitalized vehicular accident patient where after hospital treatment and rehabilitation is ordered to complete his recovery at home. Completing the period of recovery at home necessitates his re-entry to his normal way of life prior to the accident. The family is therefore enhanced to effectively encourage the patient to attend to his self-care needs while staying on the sidelines yet supportively providing positive encouragement for the patient’s complete recovery. The effective role of nurses is providing family education for the benefit of adjustment to the temporary family role changes. Nurses at the same time bring to light the family models to compensate Orem’s nursing model and provide a more holistic approach to clients and their concerns (Cody, 2006: 308). In this time of cost containment, nurses in a given health care setting cannot lock horns with the Medicare illness models of home care that totally focuses on the individual patient alone (Harris, 2004: 131). Maintaining health is a priority and an ethical requirement for nurses that include the family particularly in home-based care provision, where the absence of one deems the effort â€Å"moot and academic†. The applicability of Orem’s theory in family health is therefore enhanced as community based nursing practice seeks to resolve the responsibility of the patient and family to be included in the nursing care plan (Harris, 2004:132). In the triage system, a problem-oriented approach encompasses assessment levels and Orem’s model can provide a framework for organized family nursing assessment, planning, intervention and evaluation (Dolan and Holt, 2000: 4). Using Orem’s model while negotiating a holistic approach where the family plays an important role is likewise seen in the above example where the family effectively participates in the planning of actions to help the patient effectively cope with his recovery while his self-integrity is maintained or even enhanced. The nurse must therefore include in her assessment the family’s perceptions toward the illness of a family member which is vital in the setting of goals as a means of promoting self-care to the ailing family member. This will pose as a challenge to the nurse as family members individual ideas may vary relative to the patient’s condition. It cannot be ignored that older members of the family may feel overly protected to the patient because of the existing relationship. This challenge can be overcome by the nurse as she effectively provides a choice of promoting Orem’s theory that each family member will comfortably take part with a concise goal of promoting human integrity of structure and functioning (Orem, 2001:522). Likewise, the individual needs of family members should also be looked into as the practice of activities are initiated and performed for the sick member to maintain life and health while promoting a sense of well-being for everyone (Orem, 2001: 43). The family thus plays an important and essential role for the individual patient, whether sick or well which thereby boosts the importance of Orem’s theory in the family health nursing practice. As a helping art for holistic care, family circumstances in family health planning should therefore be included as the derivatives in the formation of a care plan. The individual concepts of each family member will help identify goals while entertaining individual or group limitations that will affect in the implementation and evaluation. A family model is selected for use after the nurse gathers preliminary data about the family and identifies its unique and common patterns (Cody, 2006:308). As an example, Cody cited that a nurse can use Orem’s theory for a 9 year old child affected with ear infection and the mother’s treatment of the child while asserting that other family models will complement Orem’s model to enhance understanding of the family’s structure and functions (2006:308). Orem’s theory therefore provides a common language that enhance improved communication and consistency in the delivery of care while proposing that nurses play a key role in the achievement of self-care for which sophisticated communication skills, teaching skills and specialized knowledge and an awareness of the multiple factors affect the provision of care and enhances the role of the family in the value of health for everyone.

Prohibition

Issue #10 Was prohibition a failure? In 1919, the Volstead Act outlawed alcoholic beverages with an alcoholic content over 0. 5 percent. This topic is debated in the book, Taking Sides; there are two opposing sides to the question, â€Å"was prohibition a failure? † David E. Kyvig argues that the Volstead act did not specifically prohibit the use or consumption of alcohol beverages and that liquor was still being provided by gangland bootleggers to provide alcohol to the demands of the consumers.Regardless of the efforts to enforce the law the federal government failed to create an acceptable institutional network that insured the obedience of the people. Even though the consumption of alcohol did drop significantly during the 1920s, the legislation failed to eliminate drinking. On the other hand, J. C. Burnham argues that the enforcement of the prohibition laws were effective in certain areas. The enactment of the prohibition laws led to several positive social significances. For example, during the 1920s, there were fewer people arrested for public drunkenness and fewer people being treated for alcohol related diseases. He concludes that the prohibition was more of a success than a failure. Prohibition led to the first and the only time an Amendment of United States Constitution was repealed more than once. Personally, I think that the Volstead Act of 1919 was a failure and the prohibition laws gave rise to speakeasies and organized crime. David E. Kyvig states that the prohibition was a failure.When the Volstead Act was passed not every American felt obligated to stop drinking alcohol. The consumers were being supplied at first in small amounts but as time progressed they were being supplied in excess amounts of alcoholic beverages. The Volstead Act banned manufacturing of â€Å"intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes† but it did not state that they could not transport, sale, import, or export intoxicating liquors, thus making it legal to pur chase or use and it was not a crime to do so. It allowed people to continue to possess intoxicant beverages prior to prohibition.The act outlawed all beverages with alcoholic contents over the set amount of 0. 5 percent. People in many different parts of the United States voluntarily obeyed the Eighteenth Amendment; citizens elsewhere deliberately chose to ignore it. These kinds of violations seemed to significantly grow in small towns as well as large cities. National prohibition quickly gained an image, not as a law which significantly reduced the use of alcoholic beverages, but relatively as a law that was broadly disobeyed by many.As alcohol became more in demand it created an opportunity for bootleggers to make money off of supplying to the demands made by the people. Crime rates escalated greatly as well as violent outbreaks between those competing for territory. In the 1920s the prisons contained a little over 5,000 inmates, after ten years the number of inmates in prisons co ntained over 12,000, more than 4,000 of those inmates were incarcerated for liquor violations. The court systems were so overwhelmed by the national prohibition and were overworked with all the trials they had.Prohibition may have reduced the consumption of alcohol in the United States, the law fell substantially short of all expectations it had. J. C. Burnham counter argues that Prohibition was quite effective in many places. He goes on to say that prohibition began well before 1920, in addition to the local wide spread of the local prohibition laws, federal laws greatly restricted the production and sale of alcoholic beverages mostly in the beginning in 1917.Manufactures of distilled spirits beverages as an example, had been forbidden for more than three months when the congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment. The Eighteenth Amendment was created to prohibit the manufacturing, selling, importing, or transporting of â€Å"intoxicating liquors†. It was designed to kill all t he liquor businesses and the saloons in particular. The Amendment did not prohibit people from possessing or drinking alcohol. Burnham reinforces his position by stating that the prohibition had a positive impact on society.The prohibition cased a decrease of arrests for public drunkenness, fewer hospitalizations for alcoholism and less incidences of other alcohol related disease, like cirrhosis of the liver from 1918 to 1920-1922. The most substantial evidence that prohibition did not fail was in the mental hospital admission rates. People who had to deal with alcohol related mental diseases were impressed with the recent reviewing of New York state hospitals mental hospital admissions rate was only 1. 9 percent for 1920. With the topic question, Was prohibition a failure? David E.Kyvig made a clear, well defined and easy to understand argument compared to J. C. Burnham. Burnham’s argument was difficult to understand where he stood in his argument. He would say a few reasons how prohibition failed in on aspect but then he would give on reason why it did not. It was hard to keep track when he was defending the side he was on. Kyvig, on the other hand made it very clear how prohibition failed in certain aspects and he explained exactly how it failed. He gave specific reasons as to why people would ignore and break the law to get their alcohol.He explains the negative effects the prohibition had on society. How prohibition created an opportunity for bootleggers to make money by supply what the people were demanding. He clarifies how crime rates went up as well as how violence broke out due to bootleggers fighting for territory. David E. Kyvig gave a more in depth explanation than J. C. Burnham; he was able to support his claims and had provided clear and precise answers. He gave you statistics to prove what he was stating. With all the evidence that he was able present he persuaded me into believing that in reality prohibition did fail.The question is, wa s prohibition a failure? I must agree with Kyvig, prohibition did in fact fail in many ways. The prohibition law was not favored by many people and that was proven by the high crime rates, the high amount of court hearings relating to violations of the prohibition law, and the failure of Congress to provide enough enforcement. Even when the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act were passed people never stopped drinking. Physicians were able to legally prescribe alcohol to their patients, 57,000 pharmacists obtained licenses to dispense liquor.As the law enforcements began cracking down on the consumption of alchol it opened a door for bootleggers to come into business and make money off of those who demanded alcohol. Bootleggers like Al Capone became very successful in his dispensing of alcohol. He says that prohibition was just a business to him and he supplied what was being demanded. Violence became evident as more bootleggers began compete with other groups for territory. As these fights over territories became more and more prominent, many people were being killed due to the rival gangs. However I do believe that there were some ood out comes from prohibition. There were fewer drunkards out in public, less alcohol incidents and hospitalization due to alcoholism. I think the prohibition laws could have worked if there weren’t so many loop holes for people to get away with things. So all in all, both sides of this topic had very good, valid point. David E. Kyvig proves that the prohibition law failed. He does acknowledge that the consumption rate of alcohol has decreased but that it was inevitable to stop everyone from drinking alcohol ever. So really this was a noble experiment but evidently failed.

Soviet Bloc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Soviet Bloc - Essay Example From World War II (WWII), there arise an imposed domestic revolution in Yugoslavia which emerged as a new socialist order that promised something profoundly new to those who lived under it in the form of social equality. However, the Eastern Europe side after emerging from WWII could have the opportunity to represent a greater break with the past than the promise that the elite class or the powerful would be considered low, that those who had been nothing. Even in member states that were economically developed and followed democracy like Czechoslovakia, this embodied a thrust toward egalitarianism and in response Hungary and Poland, given their traditional elitist social orders and yawning gaps between gentry and mass, it meant no less than transformation of the very bases and premises of society. The Soviet elite was a ruling group that could be clearly defined in context with the Western society where there were competing hierarchies based on wealth, political power, professional status, and religious authority. Mawdsley & White (2000) points out that in a society of the Soviet block, it was the regime itself that chose through the appointments system for the people who occupied the highest-ranking positions in government, in the economy, and in public life (Mawdsley & White, 2000: vi). It was clear that those who were chosen as the elite class were also members of the party bodies through which this form of domination was exercised. The main point that arises here is that to what extent according to Soviet block societies were seen as pyramids to answer a question that even for the Soviet case about how far from the vertex the defining line of the elite should be drawn. In looking at the Soviet elite we should consider all members of the Communist Party. Communist Rule and Policies As a world's first socialist state, the Constitution of Soviet Union only allowed a communist rule which was later by some member countries like Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia introduced elements of market-based reforms before the collapse of the Soviet Union (WB, 2002). As a communist state, it was only possible through Soviet's permission to allow Hungary and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) to find their own future and it was Soviet pressure that encouraged Vietnam to do the same (Segal et al, 1992: 10). However, in many cases Soviet's example was not perceived as it was supposed to be accepted like in the Chinese and North Korea, it was dealt with pessimism but it is fair to say that no matter what happened to reform in the Soviet Union, the fate of the Soviet's revolution was important to all. Economic Performance The former member states never fulfilled revolutionary promises, particularly when they promised equality. Parliamentary democracy was neglected and remained involutorial in the region except in Czechoslovakia, yet subordination to the Communist regimes left less personal or

Social Media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Media - Assignment Example great deal of researches and investigations have been carried out in order to assess the usage of different social media networking websites among both the genders. It should be noted that as per the research conducted by Duggan and Brenner in 2013, it was noted that from the sample of 1802 participants out of which 846 were men and remaining were women, 16% of women used Instagram while it was 10% among men. This indicated that women made use of the Instagram service for sharing their photos more in comparison with men (Duggan and Brenner). There are couples of reasons behind the usage of Instagram by users. As per the research conducted by Sigala, Christou and Gretzel (2012), females tend to be more curious about the happenings and experiences of others. It is due to this reason that they follow millions of other users on Instagram. However, male participants indicated that they wanted to stay updated with the later products and events for which Instagram remains a very good medium (Sigala, Christou and Gretzel). The suggested methodology for the research is mixed approach where qualitative as well quantitative methods will be used. The mix approach is considerably significant in proving literature analysis with the help of statistics (Kumar). A survey questionnaire will be directed towards participants. The number of participants will be divided into two categories on the basis of male and female. The question that will be used to conduct analysis will be close-ended questions (Goddard and Melville). Relevant researches will be used to assess the investigations of the subject matter that has been done so far. Credible databases will be used to find journal articles, books, periodicals relevant to the subject. The conducted research will not be used for the purpose of financial gain and will only be conducted as a part of academic achievement. The research will be carried out after taking informed consent from the instructor. Secrecy of responses of

Unit V Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit V Assignment - Essay Example In the end, it becomes a national health problem and later turns out to be an international problem (Kelishadi, Mirghaffari, Poursafa & Gidding, 2009). The journal also provides the various health effects that are caused by environmental pollution. Perinatal disorders, infant mortality, respiratory diseases, allergies, cardiovascular disorders, stress oxidative, and mental disorders are some of the most dangerous disorders brought about by pollution. Bearing this in mind, the authors are of the notion that every individual should take action and control the environment. The authors also use scientific knowledge to strengthen their allegation on the adverse effects of environmental pollution (Kelishadi, Mirghaffari, Poursafa & Gidding, 2009). In conclusion, the authors call for the increase of awareness on the effects of pollution to the public to help in mitigating pollution. They also call on the health professionals take the initiative to help prevent and reduce the harmful effects of environment factors (Kelishadi, Mirghaffari, Poursafa & Gidding, 2009). Kelishadi. R, Mirghaffari. N, Poursafa. P & Gidding. S, Lifestyle and environmental factors associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in children,† Atherosclerosis, vol. 203, no. 1, pp. 311–319, 2009. Loux N., Su Y. & Hassan S., â€Å"Issues in assessing environmental exposures to manufactured nanomaterial’s,† International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol.8, no. 9, pp. 3562–3578,

Economic analysis report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic analysis report - Essay Example Also, that loan would enable citizens to access insurance services such as natural disasters and health facilities as a way of reducing their vulnerabilities towards risks. The financial system of Indonesia is dominated by banking institutions. As such, only a few people access credit services from those institutions. From this point of view, the loan from World Bank would promote non-banking financial sectors like mutual funds, pension funds and insurance services which have little or no financial barriers for the middle and poor members of the society. As such, it becomes apparent that the World Banks loan targeted the middle and poor members of the society, mainly to boost their lifestyles through empowering them financially. Achieving such a goal is possible through facilitating such less fortunate groups with easy access to cheap credit facilities and providing them with insurance services to reduce the risks and vulnerabilities faced by these young investors. The loan offered by the World Bank to the Government of Indonesia was vital to the government’s effort in maintaining its financial stability, improving financial management and preventing a financial crisis in the country. Another purpose of the loan was to promote the development of the micro-financing sector and non-banking institutions. As a fact, the micro-financing sector of Indonesia is still underdeveloped; thus with the signing of the loan from the World Bank, this sector would be among the primary targets for development as it helps a lot in protecting millions of families who live below the poverty line. Precisely, the World Bank funding would guard such families against hardships like unexpected natural disasters and deaths. Secondly, the loan would be used in addressing one of the financial goals being set by the government of Indonesia (World Bank

Antigone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Antigone - Essay Example p.). Of course, there are many other issues present in this tragedy; however, this paper would try to focus on the issue of laws, specifically on what would have happened when there would be no balance between the law of the gods and the law of man. In this case, this paper would try to cite different passages in the tragedy that may help illustrate on how the law of the gods were treated with respect of the law man, and on what may be its effects on Greek society as represented in the text. Body One of the main preludes to the tragedy was the civil war that happened in Thebes. The main participants in the civil war, on which the victor would be able to control the throne, were the brothers Polyneices and Eteocles (â€Å"Antigone† n. p.). However, both Polyneices and Eteocles where actually killed in the civil war, making way for Creon to actually occupy the throne (â€Å"Antigone† n. p.). In this case, Creon actually decreed that Eteocles would be honored while Polynei ces would be publicly humiliated through depriving him of burial, leaving his body to worms and vultures (â€Å"Antigone† n. p.). ... gh burying her alive in the cave (which was contrary to the law of the gods), starting the debate of Antigone and Creon on which law must actually be followed, the law of man (which is Creon’s law) or the law of the gods (â€Å"Antigone† n. p.). According to Antigone, the law of Creon must not be followed and that she has the moral obligation to bury the body of her brother despite it being contrary to the law given by him, given that such kind of law actually runs in contrary to the laws of the gods, making the decree of Creon morally corrupt and against the will of the gods (â€Å"Antigone† n. p.). According to Antigone, Yes; for it was not Zeus that had published me that edict; not such are the laws set among men by the justice who neither dwells with the gods below; nor deemed I that thy decrees were of such force, that a mortal could override the unwritten and unfailing statutes of heaven†¦Not through dread of any human pride could I answer to the gods for breaking these. Die I must—I knew that well (how should I not?)—even without thy edicts. But if I am to die before my time, I count that a gain: for when any one lives†¦can such any one find aught but gain in death? So for me to meet this doom is trifling grief; but if I had suffered my mother's son to lie in death an unburied corpse, that would have grieved me; for this, I am not grieved. And if my present deeds are foolish in thy sight, it may be that a foolish judge arraigns my folly. (â€Å"Antigone† n. p.) Despite such arguments by Antigone, however, Creon still stood ground in the law that he made, and even strengthened obedience to the law by creating a harsher punishment for Antigone (â€Å"Antigone† n. p.). In this case, Creon actually reasoned that there is no man that must be above law, or must

Biography of Silvius Leopold Weiss Research Paper

Biography of Silvius Leopold Weiss - Research Paper Example The lute resembles a guitar and was the most important instrument during the Renaissance Period. Sylvius Leopold Weiss was also a very prolific composer of lute music, having composed around 600 pieces for lute in the form of sonatas or suites. In addition, he also made chamber music and concerto pieces. Even his own contemporaries considered him to be the best lutenist as he could play on the lute with relative ease many difficult harmonic modulations and for this alone, he is considered as a musical virtuoso (Lenneberg 55). In his heyday, he was in great demand among the royal courts of Europe and traveled to various regions to play his famous brand of chamber music to the delight of his audiences. For his musical talent, he was a favorite companion of members of the Bohemian aristocracy. His early compositions were intended as solo performances using the eleven-course lute but in later years, he preferred the thirteen-course lute. Many of those who had heard him perform attest that he is without equal and for this alone, he was the highest-paid instrumentalist in the city of Dresden during the height of his fame and popularity (Carlton para. 12).He engaged the great Johann Sebastian Bach, who was very famous being a harpsichordist and organist, in a friendly competition once and both were great musicians during their era (Geck

Two different business organisations Essay Example for Free

Two different business organisations Essay Introduction M1 Unit 1: Business Purposes Red Group 10A/Eb1 Asid Ashraf 10L Assignment 6 (M1) Scenario: The Editor has asked me to identify and research two different businesses in the area to help promote them to the local community. Requirements of M1: Contrast the ownership and purposes of two different business organisations. Task 6(a): Select two businesses to contrast (your choices must be checked and approved by your teacher). The two businesses are Tesco and Oxfam. Task 6(b): Use the same format for the table as shown below to contrast the two different businesses and add a summary at the end: Aspects of ownership Name of 1st organisation: Tesco Name of 2nd organisation: Oxfam Similarities Differences Ownership type Public Limited Company Charity The differences are that Tesco is a PLC and Oxfam is a charity. Middle Type of liability Limited liability for all shareholders They form the Council of Trustees, which is the governing body of the Association of Oxfam (a not-for-profit limited-liability company). The similarities of both organisations are that they are limited liability company. Control The directors appoint shareholders to control the day-to-day duties and responsibilities of the business. Oxfam have a number of trustees who control the organisation which are: Karen Brown, Chair Sandra Dawson, Vice Chair David Pitt-Watson, Hon. Treasurer Vanessa Godfrey James Darcy Maja Daruwala Andy Friend Rajiv Joshi Matthew Martin Marjorie Scardino Nkoyo Toyo Tricia Zipfel They have various duties and responsibilities for example some are executive directors, vice chairmen and CEOà ¢s. The similarities are that both organisations have control on the day-to-day duties and responsibilities. Each organisation have been appointed directors and CEOà ¢s. The differences are that both organisations have different types of control. Conclusion The differences are that Tesco are here to make a profit which is divided between their shareholders used for new shops and to save. Whereas Oxfam are  not due to being a non-profit-organisation. Number of owners 2 or more. Changing all the time as shares are bought and sold and the stock exchange. Oxfam do not have owners they have trustees who run the charity. They currently have 12 trustees. The similarities are that both organisation have people to run there Tesco and Oxfam. The differences are that Tesco have owners to run their business this is because they are making a profit. Whereas Oxfam have trustees to run their non-profit- organisation. and who do not get a share of the profit Summary: I have learnt that both organisations are very distinct this is due to having different organisation type, number of owners, control, capital and sources of finances. I also learnt that Tesco is a PLC and Oxfam is a charity organisation and that they have similarities and differences bet ween themselves. The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Business, Companies and Organisation, Activity section.

Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Essay Example for Free

Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Essay Summary: Things Fall Apart written by Chinua Achebe explores the coming of the white man and its effects on the culture of the people of Umuofia. The coming of the white man brought about culture conflict which affects the people of Umuofias religion, their agriculture, their judicial system and their social life. The coming of the white man affects the people of Umuofias religion and cause culture conflict. The people of umuofia have many gods. Agbala- the oracle of the Hills and Caves. People come from far and near to consult it . People consult it when they have dispute with their neighbors and also, they can discover what their future held for them from this god. Chi is also a personal god which judge people by the work of their hands. They also believed that if they say yes that their chi also says yes. The people of Umuofia are very obedient to their gods. They dont go to war without consulting their gods. When a daughter of Umuofia was killed in Mbaino, they didnt just decide to go for war or do things on their own; they consulted their gods and they were asked to demand s lad and a virgin from the people of Mbaino. However, if the people of Umuofia had not obeyed their gods, and had gone to war that they were told not to go, they would be defeated. Even when Okonkwo broke the week of peace by beating his youngest wife, he made the necessary sacrifice as was also demanded by their god. Okonkwo also shot Ezeudus son accidentally, he had to go on an exile for seven years which was a crime against the earth goddess. If they had disobeyed the law by allowing Okonkwo to stay in the village, the people believe that all the clan will be punished and their leaders said if one finger brought oil it soiled the others . More so, the people of Umuofia dont desecrate their gods. Their egwugwu who gives justice is feared by the women and their children. Whenever the egwugwu is approaching, the women and children always shout and run away . They also dont unmask the masquerade. The masquerades identity is not known by anyone who doesnt belong to the clans secret cult. The religion of the people of Umuofia is totally different from the white mans religion. This situation caused a culture conflict between the white man and the people of Umuofia. The white man wants to impose his religion on the people of Umuofia. The white man believes in one God which he believes to have made heaven and earth. Also said his God made the entire  world and the Umuofias gods. He wanted the people of Umuofia to abandon their gods and follow his own religion. The white men belittle the people of Umuofias gods by saying different things about their gods. The white man says that the people of Umuofias god are gods of deceit who tell them to kill their fellow and destroy innocent children. The white man says that their gods are not alive and cannot do them harm and that they are made of piece of wood and stone. Hearing and seeing all these from the white man, the people of Umuofia were not happy with the white mans religion which was a reason for a culture conflict. The economy of the people of Umuofia was out in conflict with the white mans economy. Agriculture is the source of living in Umuofia. Peoples riches are based on the number of barns they have. Peolple really work hard on their farm to make harvest. Both children and wives help on the farm to plant yams. The people of Umuofia have a very good scene of agriculture. For instance, during the planting season, Okonkwo planted his yam from the smouldering earth by making rings of thick sisal leaves around them. This yam is so precious to them that they celebrate a Fest of the New Year which was held every year before the harvest began to honor the earth goddess and the ancestral spirits of the clan. On the other hand, the white man was more interested in making money. They made the farming worthless because their convert can use money to buy the yams. Children no longer farm, they goes to school which was built by the white man. The white man has also brought a government and a system of running it . They also brought their own trade. These causes a culture conflict because the Umuofias economic value was disvalued. The white man set his own economy above their cash crop; thereby reducing them to poverty. Rich people were reduced to poor, everything they work very hard for will be bought with money. The coming of the white man also affects the form of justice in Umuofia. In Umuofia, everybody knows the law. The egwugwu is the highest and final court in Umuofia. They dont have lawyers and they dont tell liars when reporting their cases before the egwugwu. There judgment is based on the true evidence. This can be seen when Uzowulu and Mgbafo came before the egwugwu to settle their dispute. Each of them stands at different direction to state their cases. The egwugwu went to consult together in their house . The egwugwu settle their dispute and they were all satified with it. Although Uzowulu knows the law about beating his wife, he will not  listen to any other decision except from the egwugwu. However, the white mans form of justice is different, only the interpreters and the whites knows the rules. They alos had built a court where the District Commissioner judge cases in ignorance. The white man had court messengers who brought men to him for trial. The court messengers guard the prison, which was full of men who had offended against the white mans laws . The court messengers beat the prisoners and made them to work every morning clearing the government compound and fetching wood for the white commissioner and the court messengers. Aneto and Oduche were fighting a land, when Aneto killed Oduche, the white man judge this case by hanging Aneto to death and putting his family in the prison. One may think that the people of Umuofias social life were not affected but it was due to the culture conflict which was caused by the white man. The people of Umuofia form the in an hierarchy standard, that is, the father is at the top, followed by their wives, and children. Children fear their parents. Also, their warriors were also feared and respected. For instance, Okonkwo defeated a wrestler at the age of eighteen and was placed at a higher level. Although, he was still young, everyone respected him. At an early age, Okonkwo had achieved fame as the greatest wrestler in all the land. The outcasts or osu are the people they dedicate to a god, they will not marry nor be married by the free-born. They live in a special area of the village, close to the Great Shrine. They are the bottom of ladder children, and they were not to mix with the free-born in any way. On the other hand, the social life of the white man is totally different from that of the people of Umuofia which also lead to a culture conflict. The outcast or osu which are at the lower level in the village are now very important people. They made the rich poor and the poor rich. The clans were very rich but after the coming of the white man, they were poor and the outcast that was nobody was now rich. The white man allowed them to mix with free-born. Mr Kiaga told the church member that wanted to chase the outcast from the church that they are all children of God and they must receive these their brother . He also shaved the osus long and tangled hair before they were fully member of the church. White man also destroy the hierarchy of the people of Umuofia, Umoye who feared his father before the coming of the white man, disrespected his father after joining the white mans religion. He no longer talk or visit his father . He told Mr. Kiaga  that he had decided to go to Umuofia, where the white missionary had set up a school to teach young Christians to read and write. Their interpreters who the people of Umuofia know as weak people and not very strong, come from the village were they fear the warriors of Umuofia. Those are the people that are now interpreting words to them. The white spoke through an interpreter who was an Ibo man though his dialect was different and harsh to the ears of Mbanta . The white man humiliated the leaders of Umuodia. When they put them in prison, their hair was shaved and their hands were handcuffed. At night the messenger came in to taunt them and to knock their shaved heads together . The coming of the white man cause culture conflict in the people of Umuofias religion, their agriculture, their system of justice and their social life. The white man is ethnocentric and there was also language and non-understanding of culture barrier.

Analysis of Power Density Levels

Analysis of Power Density Levels CHAPTER FOUR 3.5 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Figure 4.1: Setup during measurement          In this research work, the choice of instrument operation and parameters were established by quality assurance procedures. The following measurement parameters were investigated. These were: input attenuation, signal detection methods, resolution methods and measurement hold methods. The result of the quality assurance procedures are shown at the appendix. The study to measure and analyze power density levels was carried out with a total of 200 sites across the ten regions of Ghana as shown on table 4.1 below. The selection of the site for measurement was based on proportional sampling using mobile cell site population as well as the 2010 population census data. The measurement taken a location was always closer to a cell site than any other sources. The design of the measurement procedures was based on the Electronic Communication Committee (ECC) (ECC, 2007) protocol. A calibrated USA Anritsu Spectrum Master MS2720T with a serial number 1338067 and a frequency range of 9 KHz to 43 G Hz was connected to a calibrated hand-held Transformational Security (TS) Log-periodic antenna TS-6021 with a serial number 00302 and a range of 750 MHz to 3 GHz by an Anritsu RF cable with a serial number 39317A. A magnetic Global Position System (GPS) connected to the Spectrum Master takes the location coordinate during measurement as shown in figure 4.1 above Table 4.1: The distribution of 2010 population and sample sites (15 analogue terrestrial stations Region of Ghana Population (2010 census) Number of FM (June, 2015) Number of cell site Number of measurement site Sampling Date Greater Accra Ashanti Eastern Central Western Volta Brong Ahafo Northern Upper East Upper West 4,019,388 4,783,812 2,638,494 2,194,635 2,367247 2,120,659 2,317929 2,490541 1,035671 690,447 45 43 32 25 46 27 50 24 12 9 4041 2377 832 832 1189 594 832 713 238 238 68 40 14 14 20 10 14 12 4 4 September,2014 July,2014 June,2015 July,2015 September,2015 August,2014 November,2014 October,2014 October, 2014 October, 2014 . The sampling towns and location were pre-determined as plotted on the map in figure 4.2. These locations were mostly regional capitals and some surrounding towns and villages. Figure 4.2: GPS location showing places where radiofrequency measurements were made indicated by the tower symbols on the map The measurement at a spot involve taking measurement at three different heights: 1.0, 1.5 and 1.7 m above the ground. This is illustrated by the ECC raster below in the figure 4.3 below. Figure 4.3: Revised ECC recommendation (02)04 proposed raster   Measurements with the antenna was taken in two perpendicular plane at each height, with the axis of the antenna directed toward the reference cell site. A set of mutually perpendicular polarization measurements leads to the estimation of the maximum field arriving from a specific direction irrespective of its polarization. The measured field strength in dB µV/m from the spectrum data was corrected and converted to linear value using equation 4.1 and to V/m using equation 4.2. Figure 4.4 below shows a typical spectrum master measurement in the vertical plane that was taken at a town named Ahodwo in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Figure 4.4: A typical spectrum master measurement taken at Ahodwo, a location in the Ashanti Region. Where   is the corrected electric field strength for cable and antenna loses taking polarization into consideration. was the antenna loss correction factor which is the ratio of the incident electric field to the received electric field.   is the measured electric field intensity without correction for cable and antenna and is the cable correction factor. The spatial average when dealing with the electric field strength for each specific frequency lying within the frequency range of interest, the maximum expected spatial average (RMS) across m selected spatial points was given by Where Emax, i is the maximum expected RMS field strength component at the spatial point i.The combined standard uncertainty u of the maximum expected field strength value calculated at the point i was estimated by taking into account the partial uncertainties of each components with a sensitivity coefficient is given by Hence U (  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4.4 To be able to assess the level of compliance with the standard set by the international commission for non-ionizing radiation protection(ICNIRP) and in a multiple frequency environment, the calculated spatial averaged electric field strength from the results of equation (4.3) for each operating frequency was processed into power density assuming a far field measurement and using the relation below: The uncertainty for each frequency was propagated to the power density estimated by Where was the assumed free space impedance (377à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦.). The compliance was calculated by summing the ration of the calculated power density value to that of the reference level as given below. Where represent the various sources being considered, is the calculated power density from equation (4.7) and is the corresponding ICNIRP public reference power density values.      

Free Essays on Whartons Ethan Frome: A Timeless Novel :: Ethan Frome Essays

Ethan Frome: A Timeless Novel  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      The writing in the novel, Ethan Frome is fantastic. The love of Ethan Frome is crystal clear. Ethan and Mattie are both believably in love and Ethan's desperation grips the reader. Zeena, I think, is the most well described of them all. She is reality itself--beyond love, beyond fate, and it is she who outlasts them all. Although I think I fell in love with both Mattie and Ethan in this story and was feeling that intense love and pain of impending separation in their last moments together, the realist in me loved the ending! Zeena, the old witch, the nagging and cunning negative hag, is the one who is the rock in the moving stream. It's so 20th century. There is something black about the ending that you have to like. I like the way Zeena's image keeps popping up for Ethan: Zeena's empty rocking-chair stood facing him. Mattie rose obediently, and seated herself in it. As her young brown head detached itself against the patch-work cushion that habitually framed his wife's gaunt countenance, Ethan had a momentary shock. It was almost as if the other face, the face of the superseded woman, had obliterated that of the intruder. And as he's trying to enter into eternity with his beloved . . . But suddenly his wife's face, with twisted monstrous lineaments, thrust itself between him and his goal, and he made an instinctive movement to brush it aside. Here are some example of the accurate description that I love in this story: Through the obscurity which hid their faces their thoughts seemed to dart at each other like serpents shooting venom. Ethan was seized with horror of the scene and shame at his own share in it. It was as senseless and savage as a physical fight between two enemies in the darkness. All the long misery of his baffled past, of his youth of failure, hardship and vain effort, rose up in his soul in bitterness and seemed to take shape before him in the woman who at every turn had barred his way. She had taken everything else from him; and now she meant to take the one thing that made up for all the others. For a moment such a flame of hate rose in him that it ran down his arm and clenched his fist against her.

Dance with the Music :: essays research papers

When we think of gifts, we picture little boxes covered with shiny wrapping paper and a cute little ribbon on top. For my fifth birthday, my present didn’t exactly fit these â€Å"requirements†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sitting down in front of the piano every night, I can remember the time when one little girl’s dream came true. Immediately after I woke up on the day of my fifth birthday, my parents blind-folded me and led me to the dining room. Taking off the handkerchief, I stood in front of the most beautiful piano I had ever seen. In front of me was a brown, upright Wurlitzer, my very own piano. I immediately pulled out the chair from under the piano and opened the lid. I took a deep breath and played Jingle Bells, the only song I could memorize at the time. Gliding my fingers over the smooth piano keys, I couldn’t believe that this was actually happening.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Turning five, I was only interested in music. While other children would sit in front of their televisions and bug their eyes out watching Barney and Sesame Street, I became engrossed in watching tapes of ballets, concerts, and musicals. It was evident that I was a child who would grow to love music and its art; however no one could ever imagine that this interest would evolve into a significance that would change my childhood forever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At around the same time, I realized that my cousin Caroline was my role model. She was a tall girl that would blow people away as soon as she stepped into a room; you could sense her magnificence from a mile away. Caroline was attracted to just about everything that I was, and excelled at all the things that she attempted, which included the art of piano. Once I learned that she was such a brilliant musician, I started to beg to learn how to play the piano. Most of my family members thought that this was just some childhood stage that I would quickly get over and drop.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My mother brought me to my first keyboard teacher, Scott. He taught me about all the essentials including the notes, their values, and some simple songs. Although I learned nothing more then the basics, I was overjoyed, treating the uncomplicated steps as gold. Every week after lessons, I would rush to my parents, skipping with delight, eager to show them what I had learned.

Conceptualization of Culture and Language in Post Colonial Literature Essay

Culture and Language are the major issues in the post colonial theory. My assignment will deal with these three factors in terms of colonial perspectives. The post colonialism mainly explores the ideas such as cultural diversity, geographical dimensions, Diasporas, race, ethnicity, marginality, hybridity, national identities, cultural transformation, changes and politics in language etc†¦ Considerations of hybridity run the range from existential to material, political to economic, yet this discussion will not be able to tease out the extensive implications of each consideration. Rather, this discussion aims to explore the notion of hybridity theoretically, synthesizing the vast body of literature to critique essentialist notions of identity as fixed and constant. According to my understanding of Hybridity, there are three ways in which hybridity might serve as a tool for deconstructing the rigid labels that maintain social inequities through exclusion in race, language and nation. By exploring how the hybrid rejects claims of bonds within race, language, and nation, I understood that cultural studies like these are imperative in considering the politics of representation. For the purposes of this discussion, the cultural hybridity refers to the integration of cultural bodies, signs, and practices from the colonizing and the colonized cultures. The contemporary cultural landscape is an amalgam of cross-cultural influences, blended, patch-worked, and layered upon one another. Unbound and fluid, culture is hybrid and interstitial, moving between spaces of meaning. The notion of cultural hybridity has existed far before it was popularized in postcolonial theory as culture arising out of interactions between â€Å"colonizers† and â€Å"the colonized†. However, in this time after imperialism, globalization has both expanded the reach of Western culture, as well as allowed a process by which the West constantly interacts with the East, appropriating cultures for its own means and continually shifting its own signifiers of dominant culture. This hybridity is woven into every corner of society, from trendy fusion cuisine to Caribbean rhythms in pop music to the hyphenated identities that signify ethnic Americans, illuminating the lived experience of ties to a dominant culture blending with the cultural codes of a Third World culture. Framing Cultural Hybridity in post colonial context; Among postcolonial theorists, there is a wide consensus that hybridity arose out of the culturally internalized interactions between â€Å"colonizers† and â€Å"the colonized† and the dichotomous formation of these identities. Considered by some the father of hybrid theory, Homi Bhabha argued that colonizers and the colonized are mutually dependent in constructing a shared culture. His text The Location of Culture (1994) suggested that there is a â€Å"Third Space of Enunciation† in which cultural systems are constructed. In this claim, he aimed to create a new language and mode of describing the identity of Selves and Others. Bhabha says: It becomes crucial to distinguish between the semblance and similitude of the symbols across diverse cultural experiences such as literature, art, music, Ritual, life, death and the social specificity of each of these productions of meaning as they circulate as signs within specific contextual locations and social systems of value. The transnational dimension of cultural transformation migration, diaspora, displacement, relocation makes the process of cultural translation a complex form of signification. The naturalized, unifying discourse of nation, peoples, or authentic folk tradition, those embedded myths of cultures particularity, cannot be readily referenced. The great, though unsettling, advantage of this position is that it makes you increasingly aware of the construction of culture and the invention of tradition. In using words like â€Å"diaspora, displacement, relocation,† Bhabha illustrates the dynamic nature of culture, and the flimsy consistency of the historical narratives that cultures rely upon to draw boundaries and define themselves. As a result, culture cannot be defined in and of it, but rather must be seen within the context of its construction. More significantly, Bhabha draws attention to the reliance of cultural narratives upon the other. In illuminating this mutual construction of culture, studies of hybridity can offer the opportunity for a counter-narrative, a means by which the dominated can reclaim shared ownership of a culture that relies upon them for meaning. This theoretical erspective will serve as the foundation for the considerations explored in this paper, employing hybridity as a powerful tool for liberation from the domination imposed by bounded definitions of race, language, and nation. RACE: Racial hybridity, or the integration of two races which are assumed to be distinct and separate entities, can be considered first in terms of the physical body. Historically, the corporeal hybrid was birthed from two symbolic poles, a bodily representation of colonizer and colonized. These mixed births, mestizo, mulatto, muwallad, were stigmatized as a physical representation of impure blood, and this racism long served as a tool of power that maintained that even in this blending of two bodies, just â€Å"one drop† of black blood would deem the body impure and alien, an abomination. Institutionalized racism created a perpetual state of ambiguity and placelessness for the hybrid body and prevented cultural inclusion via race. However, the expanse of immigration since colonialism and the spectrum of shades of visible difference point to an increasingly hybrid populace in which these classifications of black and white no longer carry the same power of representation, yet the old labels persist. This labeling is significant as it elucidates the continuing power of racial labels in a society set on fixing bodies in racial space by binding them to labels, which are understood to contain fixed truths. I argue that utilizing the conceptual tool of hybridity to deconstruct these labels allows a means by which hybrid individuals can come together in powerful solidarity, rather than allowing their ambiguous place in racial space to render them invisible. Harnessing racial hybridity to project the simultaneously unique but common experience of hybridity can be a means by which the individual subject can join to a marginal community through stories and partial memories. Furthermore, racial hybridity must harness the dualistic experience of passing, or being mistaken for a race other than one’s own. All identities involve passing to some extent, in that a subject’s self can never truly match its image, but racial passing implicitly deconstructs the boundaries of Black and White. In passing, hybridity might function not as a conflict or struggle between two racial identities, but instead as constant movement between spaces, passing through and between identity itself without origin or arrival. The freedom to move between identities carries its own power in defying the claims of essentialized racial identity. Furthermore, the bounded labels of race do not account for the historical and geographic narratives that lie behind each body and inform their identity. In â€Å"Black Africans and Native Americans†, Jack Forbes explores the disconnect between racial labels and the consciousness of the bodies behind them using Native Americans and Africans as examples by which â€Å"groups are forced into arbitrary categories render their ethnic heritage simple rather than complex†. As a result, hybridity calls into question the boundaries of racial consciousness as a hybrid consciousness defies the imposed limits of race. The management of these identities becomes its own sort of performance, as the body negotiates each consciousness in different spaces. Again, the ability to play multiple roles, to â€Å"pass† in different arenas, carries significant power. In embodying the inability to bind identities to race, racial hybridity both in the physical body and in consciousness offers a means of deconstructing the boundaries of dichotomous racial identities. In addition to race, language has long been bound in definitions as a symbol of nation and a mode of exclusion. As a means to connect with other social beings, communicating with language is a meaningful performance in that speaking requires two parties, one to perform language and an audience to observe and absorb language. During colonialism, as the colonizer’s language dominated national institutions, the sense of being outside and â€Å"othered† was instilled in the colonized as their language and means of communication was stripped away. Now in a time after colonialism, can the colonized ever reclaim a language long lost, or has the colonizer’s language become their own? Has ownership of the colonizer’s language expanded over time? Fanon’s theorizing addresses the power of language in the formation of identity as he says, â€Å"To speak . . . means above all to assume a culture, to support the weight of a civilization,†. He suggests that speaking the language of the colonizer stands in as acceptance or coercion into accepting a role in culture. Yet in accepting a role, whether by choice or force, the meaning of the culture shifts and evolves. No longer does it â€Å"belong† to the colonizer, as it relies upon the colonized to give it shape. Similarly, with the introduction of a new set of users performing a language, the language no longer exists as it was; it has shifted in meaning. Beyond the thematic implications of language, hybridity has inspired an immense movement in literary discourse and understandings of the very way language is managed and owned. Herskovits developed the notion of syncretism, a theory attempting to explain why certain cultural forms are carried and others lost. Similarly, Claude Levi-Strauss developed the term bricolage to describe mixed forms within narratives. Creolization describes the linguistic blending of dominant and subdominant cultures. These examples illustrate the broad realm of studies that have developed simply around the use of hybridized language. In an analysis of the rise of the â€Å"hybrid genre† in postmodern literature, Kapchan and Strong say, â€Å"Hybridization has become one such analytic allegory, defining lines of interest and affiliation among scholars of popular and literary culture, perhaps quite unintentionally. The extent to which these authors use the metaphor of hybridity consciously and concisely differs. That they use it, however, qualifies hybridity as one of several tropes, or forms of metaphoric predication, that most epitomize the scholarship of the last decade,† . Not only does this observation imply that the body of hybridized literature is growing, harkening to the rising voices and representations of the hybrid, but that hybridity is becoming normalized as an accepted form of literature and the purist notion of genre is diminishing. Furthermore, the use of a colonizer’s language by the colonized to speak of the crimes of colonialism is its own transgression and act of resistance. In taking ownership of the language, changing the way that it is used, the boundaries of language as belonging to a specific place or race are dissolved. Jahan Ramazani’s Hybrid Muse is an analytical review of the poetry that has arisen from the hybridization of the English muse with the long-resident muses of Africa, India, the Caribbean, and other decolonizing territories of the British Empire (2001). A hybrid himself, Ramazani suggests that the use of indigenous metaphors, rhythms, creoles, and genres has allowed a new form of poetry that not only speaks of the violence and displacement of colonialism, but embodies it in its very form. These hybrid poetries can be viewed as a gateway to understanding those once deemed unfamiliar, and hybridity of language becomes a way by which to deconstruct borders and relate to collectives across cultural boundaries. Further, hybridity must interrogate the notion that nationality is essential zed in a distinct culture that geographic borders somehow embody inherent knowledge or truth about the people they contain. Mamdani asks, â€Å"How do you tell who is indigenous to the country and who is not? Given a history of migration, what is the dividing line between the indigenous and the nonindigenous? . He addresses the nationalist concern over entitlement to nation, and the indigenous wish to lay claim to culture. I understood that theories of hybridity, in clarifying the shifting and indefinite nature of culture, can serve as a tool that complicate the nationalist exclusionary practice of determining who does and does not have claim to a nation. From health care to immigration, h is arguments resonate loudly with current events. Similarly, we must consider the ways in which the â€Å"things† that give culture meaning are unfixed and variable, negating essentialist arguments about inherent meanings of culture. In The Predicament of Culture, James Clifford (1988) analyzes sites including anthropology, museums, and travel writing to take a critical ethnography of the West and its shifting relationships with other societies. He demonstrates how â€Å"other† national cultures are in fact fictions and mythical narratives, and we must ask the question of representation and who has the authority to speak for a group’s identity. In his article â€Å"Diasporas†, he suggests that â€Å"The old localizing strategies by bounded community, by organic culture, by region, by center and periphery may obscure as much as they reveal†. Diaspora is defined as a history of dispersal, myths/memories of the homeland, alienation in the host country, desire for eventual return, ongoing support of the homeland, and a collective identity importantly defined by this relationship. In this consideration of culture, we understand the vast connotations of displacement, from asking which history the diasporic should identify with to asking if it is even possible to return to a homeland one never knew or left long ago. Second, in the representation of culture, be it by petrifying culture in a museum or nailing it to an anthropological account, the risk lies in taking these subjective moments as truths or knowledge. Furthermore, the far-reaching diasporic symbols and narratives that snowball into this thing we call national culture suggest that culture is itself a traveler collecting artifacts from various locations along the way, and its walls are too insubstantial to be used as a means of exclusion. Third and perhaps most significant, hybridity in a postcolonial world muddles the very definitions of culture by which nations define themselves. Given that nationalism is founded upon a collective consciousness from shared loyalty to a culture, one would assume this culture is well-defined. Yet the â€Å"solid† roots of historical and cultural narratives that nations rely upon are diasporic, with mottled points of entry at various points in time. An investigation of the roots of cultural symbols like folk stories, religion, and music would reveal sources varied and wide-ranging. Furthermore, culture is defined in relationship to other cultures. Edward Said’s Orientalism (1979) offers a strong description of the system by which nations appropriate from others to define themselves. He suggests Orientalism â€Å"has helped to define Europe as its contrasting image, idea, personality, experience†. Using a theoretical framework influenced by Gramsci’s notion of hegemonic culture and Foucault’s notion of discourse, Said draws significant attention to the intricate and complex process by which the West must use the East to construct itself, its culture, its meaning. In an illuminating excerpt describing the process of Orientalism, he writes: To formulate the Orient, to give it shape, identity, definition with full recognition of its place in memory, its importance to imperial strategy, and its ‘natural’ role as an appendage to Europe; to dignify all the knowledge collected during colonial occupation with the title ‘contribution to modern learning; when the natives had neither been consulted nor treated as anything except as pretexts for a text whose usefulness was not to the natives; to feel oneself as a European in command, almost at will, of Oriental history, time, and geography to make out of every observable detail a generalization and out of every generalization an immutable law about the Oriental nature, temperament, mentality, custom, or type; and, above all, to transmute living reality into the stuff of texts, to possess actuality mainly because nothing in the Orient seems to resist one’s powers. † In a st ream of fragments, Said shows the diverse processes by which dominant cultures are formed at the service of Others. Using words like â€Å"shape,† â€Å"definition,† and â€Å"transmute,† he describes the act of defining nation and the artificial nature of these boundaries. Said offers a theoretical means by which to reject nationalist divisions between an us and Them, a West and Other. This conceptualization of the ways in which nations determine not only their own national identities, but the identities of Other is powerful in revealing the inherently hybrid roots of national culture. Studies of national identity are thus essential in deconstructing xenophobic nationalist claims to nation and the resulting miscegenation of immigrant Others. CONCLUSION This discussion draws from the body of postcolonial literature to suggest that studies of cultural hybridity are powerful in probing the bounded labels of race, language, and nation that maintain social inequalities. By examining how the hybrid can deconstruct boundaries within race, language, and nation, I understood that hybridity has the ability to empower marginalized collectives and deconstruct bounded labels, which are used in the service of subordination. In essence, hybridity has the potential to allow once subjugated collectivities to reclaim a part of the cultural space in which they move. Hybridity can be seen not as a means of division or sorting out the various histories and diverse narratives to individualize identities, but rather a means of reimagining an interconnected collective. Like the skin on a living body, the collective body has a surface that also feels and â€Å"Borders materialize as an effect on intensifications of feeling and individual and collective bodies surface through the very orientations we take to objects and others,† In the description that Formations our orientations can be shifted, our feelings towards Others transformed, there is a possibility of redefining our exclusionary systems of labeling. Furthermore, breaking down immaterial borders through explorations of hybridity offers the possibility of more effective public policy, one that refers to the broad expanse of its diverse population. Frenkel and Shenhav did an illuminating study on the ways in which studies of hybridity have allowed management and organization studies to manage their longstanding western hegemonic practices and to incorporate postcolonial insights into the organizational literature revolving around the relationships between Orientalism and organizations. The willingness of institutions to reform their long held ideologies in light of a changing world, as well as to consider their work through alternative lenses, is an essential practice in deconstructing the bindings of narratives-as-knowledge. In the boundary-shifting process, there is power in the notion of deconstruction in the service of reconstruction, breaking down boundaries in order to form a more inclusive sense of the collectivity. Furthermore, hybridity asserts the notion that representations of collective identity must be analyzed contextually. When we examine a representation of culture, be it in a film, poem, or speech, we should ask: Who is doing the representing? What are the implications of the representation? Why are they engaging in the process of representation? What is the historical moment that informs the representation? How are they being represented? In addition to the questions explored in this paper, I would recommend applying theories of hybridity to a realm beyond race and nation, in order to consider alternative boundaries such as gender and sexuality. The work of hybrid theorists from Bhabha to Said suggests that there is a vast intellectual landscape for cultural inquiries like these. Our mission must be to continue this work and to delve deeper. Cultural studies have great potential to liberate us from the socially-given boundaries that so stubbornly limit our capacity for thought and discussion, but we must take time to join in a collective critique of the knowledge we ingest and disperse. After all, the greatest power lies in the heart of the collective.

Presidential Election of 1828 Essay

A rematch between two bitter rivals, Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams, the presidential election of 1828 was highlighted by the split of electoral votes in New York and Maryland. Andrew Jackson had swept through the west, gaining every single state, and even got Pennsylvania. The winner from the election of 1824 by the ‘corrupt’ bargain, John Q. Adams, had gained the support of all the northeast states. However, the real surprise was the split electoral votes in Maryland and New York. The northern states loved Adams because he favored elites and their manufacturing industries. The south and west favored Jackson because he believed in equal opportunity for any citizen of the United States of America. Two states, Maryland and New York, did not give all their electoral votes to either Adams or Jackson, but were divided equally among the two. The reason for this split was both states were divided into districts that all had one vote. These districts could settle on who they wanted to give their electoral vote to. In every single other state, the electoral votes were decided upon by the state legislature, and once decided, all the electoral votes would be given to one candidate. However, in lone New York, the whole state could back Adams, but if one small self-sufficient farmer district wanted Jackson, then they could award their one electoral vote exclusively for him. So, if there was a dispute in states with a system like New York, the electoral vote could be split. The split between these two states showed how divided and diverse one state could be. If one little district went against the majority, it changes where the electoral votes are distributed, and can thus change the outcome of the election. New York and Maryland proved that one little group can make a large difference. These small changes made the election of 1828 unique, and actually exemplified how dissimilar one state’s people could be.

Airline Industry Essay

1. Analysis Industry: Airline Industry In the case study two groups of competitors were acknowledged: legacy carriers and the low cost carriers (LCC). The legacy carriers included most of the best-known U.S. Airlines, like United, Delta or American Airlines. These airlines used the â€Å"Hub and Spoke† model as their operations system. The LCC, including used a different type of operations model called the â€Å"Point to Point Model†, pioneered by Southwest Airlines. In 2001 many airlines cut the traditional longer routes in order to reduce costs and the demand for smaller regional routes begins to expand rapidly, helping regional carriers to become much more profitable. General Environment: During this time the airline industry faced many changes due to the general environment. Even though, there were very small differences between the cultures of each airline. There were other aspects of the environment at the time that were affecting the industry. The airlines were experiencing softening demand and higher costs due to increasing fuel prices which lead airlines to begin operating much more regionally. But there were other reasons that lead to this as well. The low cost carriers began targeting a new low budget customer, which lowered their fairs up to 65% than that of legacy carriers. There was also an emerging market with Business Customers, who were very demanding in flying airlines that would ensure that they would arrive on time to their destination. This was a great advantage for Jet Blue Airlines, since its operating principal was based on not canceling flights. There were also much more centralized cities like New York or Washington that had greater demand for f lights than others. At the time, many airlines began to try and mimic Southwest’s LCC model mentioned above, but deregulation, fare wars, amongst other problems arising, made it impossible. The 9/11 terrorist attacks made the airline industry go through and even more downfall, where the demand for flying by customers dropt significantly, leaving many competitors under bankruptcy protection.

Visual Merchandising

Visual Merchandising: Visual Merchandising is very important because the first impression of the product or store on the customer is by visualizing. If the impression is positive then customers attract to the store. A store must have the inviting appearance to the customers. Objectives of Visual Merchandising: Objective of visual merchandise is to attract the customers to your business in order to sell the merchandise. The main objective is to make the customers feel comfortable and eager to buy. Essential of Visual Merchandising: * Interior Floor  Design  and Display. * Space and Signage. * Window Display. Tools Use for Visual Merchandising: Audio-Visual Displays. * Decoration and Props. * Signage and Graphics. The presentation in visual merchandising falls into two categories mainly: 1. Exterior Presentations. 2. Interior Presentations. Exterior Presentations: The outlook of a store is a major determinant for a customer. Good exterior presentation attracts attention, creates in terest and invites the customer into business. It involves exterior signs, banners and window display. Exterior Signs: A store sign is its â€Å"signature† which tells the customers that what type of the business and what it sells. In less than 10sec the sign must attract attention.Banners: Banners are used to sales promotion. It should be very colorful and eye catching. Window Display: Some products should be placed on a store’s window. Window display should attract attention, create interest and invite people into the store to purchase goods. New displays indicate new up-to-date merchandise is available. Interior Presentations: Another way of the merchandising is through interior display that effectively show merchandise to the customers. The purpose of doing this is to develop interest for the merchandise. It involves color theme and images, lighting, props and fixtures. Researchers found that 64. % of all purchase decision was made inside a store. Three goals of st ore are- 1. Motivate the customers to spend money 2. Protect the image of the store 3. Keep expenses to minimum Color and Lighting: Color in a display can catch eye and make people pause and look. The overall color combination can affect the atmosphere of a store. Lighting is essential in calling attention to merchandise in a display. Customer’s eye is drawn automatically to the brightest area. Props and Fixtures: A display prop is not for sale, it is just used with a product in a display to clarify the function of the product being sold.Merchandise and Fixture Display Recommendations: Goods can be effectively displayed on a variety of fixtures such as tables, cubes, racks and other display cases. Movable shelves from all sides used in self-service retail stores to display merchandise. They can be lined up in stores as grocery or hardware stores. Errors Commonly Occurring in Display: * Too much merchandise * Too little merchandise * Too many props * Poorly selected props * Di splay changed to seldom * Limited or no display budget * Lack of attention to detail

An Outline of Global Climate Change on Earth

An Outline of Global Climate Change on Earth There is no doubt that the accumulating evidence is suggesting that the Earth’s climate is continually changing in direct result because of human activity. The most important of which causes the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere from fossil fuels. A report from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated the Earth’s average land and sea surface temperature has increased by 0.6  ± 0.2 degrees Celsius since the middle of the 19th century (â€Å"Climate Change 2014†). The largest parts of change have occurred after 1976. The temperature is not the only thing to change on Earth. The models of precipitation have also changed. The drier regions of Earth are becoming drier, meanwhile other areas are becoming wetter. In the regions where precipitation has surged there has been an unequal boost in the prevalence of the heaviest precipitation occurrences. Furthermore, the IPCC has concluded that if no specif ic actions are taken to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, the Earth’s temperatures will likely rise between 1.4 and 5.8 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ C from 1990 to 2100 (â€Å"Findings of the IPCC†). These forecasts wind speed and precipitation are not as consistent, but they also suggest significant changes. In general, humans are very accustomed to changing climatic conditions that vary on a daily, seasonal, or annual timescale. Increasing evidence suggests that in addition to this natural climate change, average climatic conditions measured over a period of thirty years or longer are also changing a lot more than the natural variations documented in the time periods of decades or centuries. As time is going on the understanding of these causes are becoming more and more understood. Climatologists have compared climate model simulations of the effects of greenhouse gas emissions to that of the observed climate changes of the past. They have also evaluated the possible natural infl uences to include solar and volcanic activity. Climatologists have concluded that there is new and strong evidence that the majority of the global warming observed over the last fifty years is most likely to be attributable to human activities. Global warming has been documented and observed in all continents with the largest temperature changes happening at the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The miniscule amount of climatic change that has already occurred so far has had unmistakable effects on a large variety of natural ecosystems. Over the period 1948 to 2013, the average annual temperature in Canada has warmed by 1.6  °C (relative to the 1961-1990 average), a higher rate of warming than in most other regions of the world (â€Å"Impacts of Climate Change†). There are climate model simulations that have been used to estimate the effects of the Earth’s past, present, and future greenhouse gas emissions on climate changes. These models are based on the data of the heat confining properties of gases released into the atmosphere from man-made and natural sources. Also the measured climatic effects of other natural phenomena is used. The models used by the IPCC have been certified by testing their ability to explain climate changes that already happened in the Earth’s past. Generally, the models can give decent estimates of past patterns only when man-made emissions of non-greenhouse gas air pollutants are included to go with the natural phenomena. This underscores that the models show a good estimate of the climate system, natural fluctuations are important contributors to climatic changes even if they cannot sufficiently explain past trends on their own, and man-made greenhouse gas emissions are a vital contributor to climate patterns and are certainly likely to remain so going forward.

Inflation and GDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Inflation and GDP - Essay Example The chart above demonstrates the Phillips curve, if we assume that the economy unemployment level is at point 0 and that the inflation level is at point x then if inflation increases to point A then the level of unemployment will reduce from point 0 to point 1. if inflation is at point x and inflation is reduced to point B then the level of unemployment will increase from point 0 to 2. Therefore the cost of reducing inflation is increased unemployment. Inflation is the persistent rise in price in an economy over a long period of time, there are two forms of inflation which include cost push inflation and demand pull inflation. Demand pull inflation is as a result of increased demand that exceeds the supply level, when demand increases and supply remains constant then price of the good rises and this is what refered to as demand pull inflation. Cost push inflation results from a number of interactions in the economy, this type of inflation is related to wage rates and the increased cost of production which results into an increase in price of goods. In an economy cost push inflation occurs where workers demand for higher wage rates, when wage rates are increased the cost of production increases. When the cost of production increases then the price of goods increase leading to inflation. When the price of goods increase consumers who are the workers experience a reduction in their real income and therefore demand for higher pay and the cycle continues, however there are other factors that may lead to inflation example increased money supply, increased government expenditure and reduced borrowing rates, inflation can therefore be reduced by reducing government expenditure, reducing money supply and increasing borrowing rates or interest rates. Long run and the short run Phillips curve: Due to rational expectations in the economy the short run and long run Phillips curve differ, the long run Phillips curve is drawn as a vertical line, this concept is due to the natural rate of unemployment that prevails in the economy, when individuals in the economy rational expectations that inflation will increase then the inflation level will be higher than the expected inflation level, diagram below shows the long run and the short run Phillips curve. The chart above shows the long run and short run Phillips curves, if the economy starts at short run Phillips curve 1 and individuals in the economy have rational expectations that inflation will rise, then inflation will rise but the rational expectations will increase inflation to higher level at the same unemployment level and this will lead to a shift in the short run Phillips curve to short run Phillips curve 2, the point market b on the above diagram shows the non accelerated rate of unemploym

Business Organisation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Organisation - Assignment Example Currently, it is making a strong presence in the United States and other parts of Europe (Ted Baker Plc 2006). Its 2006 annual report states that the company has 102 retail outlets comprised of 19 UK stores, 7 overseas stores, 68 concessions, and 8 outlet stores. Since its inception, Ted Baker Plc has already imbued itself with the commitment of quality designer clothes. The company's core competence is threefold comprising design, product quality, and attention to detail. The company is known to have "for applying quirky twists to their products" (Ted Baker Plc Annual Report 2006). Thus, Ted Baker has become the "official outfitter" (Hoovers 2006) for trendy individuals. Instead of trying to capture the mass market, the company opts to win the purchasing power of the high-end market who wants quality and top of the line clothing. It is irrefutable that business organisations like Ted Baker Plc need to cope with the challenges posed by the changes and developments happening in their external environments. This report will look at how the impact of the evolution of a single global village in the operations and strategic directions. Each recommendation will be supported by analyses utilising management tools and techniques. In order to recommend strategic direction that Ted Baker Plc should t... These tools are designed to reveal the internal factors which affect the performance and well being of the firm. Recognizing that environmental forces are also important, environmental scanning will also be conducted. The conceptual frameworks to be used are Porter's generic strategies, Porter's five forces model, and SWO analysis. 2.1. Porter's Generic Strategies According to Porter, companies can stick to three best strategies-cost leadership, market segmentation, and differentiation. Generic strategies are highly commended because they identify a certain area that a company can focus instead of trying to be "everything." These definite winning strategies help business organizations to market scope and their competency (Thomson 2004). In its website, Ted Baker Plc states its threefold strategy as: "considered expansion of Ted Baker collections; controlled distribution through main channels-retail wholesale, and licensing; and carefully managed development of overseas markets" (Ted Baker Plc 2006). As stated above, these strategies are supported by the manufacturer's main competences which are design, product quality, and attention to detail. Through these factors, Ted Baker Plc is able to establish an image of quality and trend which sets it apart from its other competitors. Even though clothing is very much like a homogenous good, the business organisation is able to define itself and create an image in the mind of consumers. In line with Porter's generic strategies, it is apparent that the company is banking on a differentiation strategy for success. Ted Baker offers not just any other ordinary clothing company. Standardstyle states that the company's products are

Impact of informal caring on children Literature review

Impact of informal caring on children - Literature review Example Children should feel secure enough to venture into their world and welcome new experiences of youth that aid them in their growth and development. However, for some children, such is not the case. Instead of being cared for, they are the ones that provide care for others. Becker (2000) defines young carers as: ‘children and young people under 18 who provide or intend to provide care, assistance or support to another family member. They carry out, often on a regular basis, significant or substantial caring tasks and assume a level of responsibility which would usually be associated with an adult’ (Becker, 2000, p. 378). These young carers live differently from their non-caregiving peers. They are tasked with huge responsibilities early on in life that they miss out on the regular lives expected of children their age. In an effort to meet children’s developmental needs, the UK government was prompted to consult children themselves, of things that matter to them most in order to be the basis of proposals for change. These key outcomes—being healthy, staying safe, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and economic well-being are detailed in the Every Child Matters report and represent a considerable shift in focus for staff providing public services for children. (Baxter & Frederickson, 2005). In the document for Every Child Matters, Working Together to Safeguard Children (HM Government, 2006), Safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children is defined as â€Å"protecting children from maltreatment; preventing impairment of children’s health or development and ensuring that children are growing up in circumstances consistent with the provision of safe and effective care (HM Government, 2006, pp. 34-35). It is ironic that with young carers, instead of being ensured of their welfare, they are the ones who keep the people they care for safe, leaving them vulnerable to some risks to their own safety and welfare. Se veral circumstances such as living with a sick parent, caring for a sibling while their single parent goes off to work, caring for their elderly grandparents in the absence of their parents may necessitate relying on a child to be an informal caregiver. For some cultures, such as in Latin American and Asian American families, this is expected of children as their contributions to family life and as a good preparation for their future (Kuperminc et al, 2009). These situations are often viewed by the adults in the family as opportunities that help promote children’s growth and maturity as well as to learn family values (Weisner, 2001). On the part of the children caregivers, different perspectives may be gleaned. Kuperminc et al (2009) found that some adolescents find their own helpfulness in the home to contribute to their positive self-esteem and feelings of interpersonal competence. For adolescents who experience disruption in their lives, the act of caregiving is considered beneficial as it provides the important connection to others that they need as well as fosters positive self-identity (Brubaker & Wright, 2006). Still other adolescents who live in disadvantaged environments view their caregiving as providing them self-confidence because it makes them feel

Challenges of orgnizational change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Challenges of orgnizational change - Essay Example Challenge in strategic organization change is one of the most common problems that face organization (Reiss, 2011, 54). This problem involves an organization that may require making several imperative changes in the course of its operations. Many organizations set goals prior to engaging in a particular activity and a time may come that the management may find it necessary to make some changes in the course of operations. A challenge that may come up regarding this is the fact that the organization may lack sufficient resources to accommodate for these changes. A challenge that may pose is on structural change. This challenge is most common with organizations that may decide to fire some of the most important managers due to poor performance (Zentes, 2013, 32). This works effectively in that the company gets to cut its weak links. However, finding a person to replace the retrenched person is difficult owing to varying qualifications and experience. Process oriented change is another difficult change that takes place in organizations (Pritts, 2007, 78). This challenge is mostly financial from the fact that a company may require to re-engineer the various processes that it engages. This is imperative for an organization that seeks to score a higher number of clients. However, the company may have the problem of understanding the points from which to begin changes in the processes as it may disrupt already running processes. People- centered challenge is the other organizational challenge that may come up (Paton, 2008, 56). This challenge normally involves the organization getting new employees for a particular activity or rather business venture that it seeks to engage. There may be challenges in the training of these individuals that might slow down the operations of the organization. Culture is another organizational change that exists and involves the organization adapting to a new market where people have a different culture as compared

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 26

Reflection Paper - Essay Example Consequently, their action may be misguided. I concur with the conclusion that love is not for amateurs. Love certainly needs persons who can differentiate it and react accordingly. It is easy for young people to confuse infatuation and romantic love. They may end up acting in an irresponsible manner in order to attract whoever they think they are in love with. The information on love is well stipulated, highlighting the different types so that people can distinguish the love they feel based on their circumstances. From this differentiation, there is no doubt that communication, being bi-lingual and avoiding the temptation to â€Å"mind-read† promotes healthy relationships. I find it particularly important for people with related feelings to communicate about it so as to avoid desperate or inappropriate ways to show it. I affirm that sex is mainly the activity taken up by many people who hope to show they love someone romantically. The adolescents stage present major difficulties to parents and educators as there are so many changes that occur in the adolescents. There is prevalent emotional instability among the adolescents. Embarking to educate them about their sexuality, the changes that they are likely to undergo and appropriate actions to take are of sheer importance. It is important that they learn about their bodies and learn to appreciate themselves the way they are. I firmly hold that a high self-esteem among the teenagers is one way to avoid participating in irresponsible sexual activities or poor social development. Certainly, the education can help them to know that sex is never a way to show love. Adolescent girls need to know this so as to avoid early pregnancies or contacting diseases that may jeopardize their futures. I agree with the deduction that parents are the chief sex educators for their children. They need to provide their children with information about their sexuality. Additionally, the fact that early experiences, attitudes,

Undecided Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Undecided - Essay Example In 1641, Massachusetts announced that slavery was legal thus became the first colony to legalize slavery (Lee 14). The Transatlantic slave trade that had begun around 1500 was the major slave supplier to America. New Haven, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Plymouth adopted fugitive slave law and in 1650, Connecticut legalized slavery. In 1662, Virginia passed a hereditary slavery decree that directed that children of black salves would be bond or freed depending on the condition of their mothers. Maryland legalized slavery in 1663, the same year that slaves in Virginia revolted. In the following year, New York and New Jersey legalized slavery while a law was passed in Maryland illegalizing marriage between white women and black men (Lee 15). Many states passed laws directing that Christian baptism would not change the status of slaves and slaves were not allowed to possess firearms. In states like Virginia, slaves were banned from meeting in large numbers and those who assaulted whites or tried to escape were severely punished. In New York, slaves were not allowed to sell commodities. In 1688, the first formal antislavery resolution was passed in Pennsylvania. Rice cultivation in Carolina intensified slave trade in the state. Some states such as Massachusetts penalized slave masters who freed their slaves. In Connecticut, slaves who disturbed peace or assaulted whites were whipped (Lee 16). Slaves in Rhode Island were required to carry passes when walking at night. In some instances, for instance in Virginia, slave masters were allowed to kill and destroy runaways. From 1711, slave trade started losing popularity in most states. For instance, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island prohibited the importation of black and Indian slaves. Even so, slaves were not allowed to marry or operate businesses without the permission of their masters. Occasionally, slaves got infuriated and revolted killing whites and their captors. In most states, slaves were not

Advocacy roles in professional nursing Research Paper

Advocacy roles in professional nursing - Research Paper Example This paper aims at discussing the various roles that define advocacy, factors that influence advocacy, and factors that hinder advocacy in the nursing profession. Roles that Define Advocacy Advocacy is part of the requirement for nurses to act safely when performing their normal duties. However, there has been an ongoing debate on the issue of advocacy and this illustrates that it is important to define the term before drawing conclusions. According to the Royal College of Nursing (1990), advocacy refers to the process of taking actions on behalf of an individual who is unable to make such actions by themselves (Hanks, 2008). The other definition derived from the Compact Oxford English Dictionary is that advocacy involves pleading for another person. The two definitions have a common idea and that is, nursing have a genuine desire to care for patients who are in a vulnerable position. This implies that nurses should always take actions in the best interests of their patients. Literat ure information on nursing advocacy indicates that the concept traces its origin back to 1970s when it was first introduced. The concept was later on recognized as part of the nursing profession in 1980s. During this time, nurses were considered for the role of advocacy because they spent most of their time in direct contact with patients. When an individual falls sick, the sickness often makes it difficult for such people to take actions on their own. This creates a situation whereby they require someone to assist them in doing a number of things that they are unable to perform independently. Therefore, such sick people become dependent on other individuals. It is in this case that a nurse becomes an advocate and this requires that they get knowledge in a number of areas in order to perform their roles effectively. Nursing has become the heart and soul of the nursing profession. The most important role that defines advocacy in the nursing profession is the role of taking care of pa tients. Nurses play the role of looking after the well being of patients. For instance, they remind a doctor about changes in medication or calling the attention of the doctor that a patient is not ready for discharge (Quallich, 2010). According to research studies, there are three core values that define the basis for nursing advocacy including preservation of human dignity, patient equality, and freedom from suffering. Preservation of human dignity is what brings out the role of respect in defining advocacy. Every individual has the right to be treated with honor and respect (Mahlin, 2010). In cases of illness, most of the patients and members of their families are often in a state of confusion. This requires a caregiver that can assist them navigate through unfamiliar parts of the healthcare system including interpretation of tests and the provision of emotional as well as physical support. Cultural and ethnic beliefs of a patient play an integral role in influencing the comfort levels of patients and therefore nurses should respect them. The nurses should also be considerate to the private issues that relate to the patient. Freedom from suffering involves the nurses having the conviction for the welfare of the patient. Research studies indicate that majority of nurses pursue a career in nursing because of their desire to help others. From the patient’s perspective, helping prevent pain or suffering is the most important aspect of care. Nurses can only achieve their goal of helping others if only they consider the welfare of patients their top priority. Equality requires that